In her 1990 best-selling book, You Just Don't Understand, linguist Deborah Tannen argued that men and women speak different languages. In her new book, Tannen takes on the complicated relationship between mothers and daughters.

Excerpt: 'You're Wearing That?'

by Deborah Tannen

Chapter 1: Can We Talk? Mothers and Daughters in Conversation

My daughters can turn my day black in a millisecond,” says a woman whose two daughters are in their thirties.

Another woman tells me, “Sometimes I’ll be talking on the phone to my mom, and everything’s going fine, then all of a sudden she’ll say something that makes me so mad, I just hang up. Later I can’t believe I did that. I would never hang up on anyone else.”

But I also hear comments like these: “No one supports me and makes me feel good like my mother. She’s always on my side.” And from the mother of a grown daughter: “I feel very lucky and close with my daughter, and particularly since I didn’t have a close relationship with my mother, it’s very validating for me and healing.”

Mothers and daughters find in each other the source of great comfort but also of great pain. We talk to each other in better and worse ways than we talk to anyone else. And these extremes can coexist within the same daughter-mother pairs. Two sisters were in an elevator in the hospital where their mother was nearing the end of her life. “How will you feel when she’s gone?” one asked. Her sister replied, “One part of me feels, How will I survive? The other part feels, Ding-dong, the witch is dead.”

The part of a daughter that feels “How will I survive?” reflects passionate connection: Wanting to talk to your mother can be a visceral, almost physical longing, whether she lives next door, in a distant state, in another country—or if she is no longer living on this earth. But the part that sees your mother as a wicked witch—a malevolent woman with magical power—reflects the way your anger can flare when a rejection, a disapproving word, or the sense that she’s still treating you like a child causes visceral pain. American popular culture, like individuals in daily life, tends to either romanticize or demonize mothers. We ricochet between “Everything I ever accomplished I owe to my mother” and “Every problem I have in my life is my mother’s fault.” Both convictions come laden with powerful emotions. I was amazed by how many women, in the midst of e-mails telling me about their mothers, wrote, “I am crying as I write this.”

Women as mothers grapple with corresponding contradictions. The adoration they feel for their grown daughters, mixed with the sense of responsibility for their well-being, can be overwhelming, matched only by the hurt they feel when their attempts to help or just stay connected are rebuffed or even excoriated as criticism or devilish interference. And the fact that these pushes and pulls continue after their daughters are grown is itself a surprise, and not a pleasant one. A woman in her sixties expressed this: “I always assumed that once my daughter became an adult, the problems would be over,” she said. “We’d be friends; we’d just enjoy each other. But you find yourself getting older, things start to hurt, and on top of that, there are all these complications with your daughter. It’s a big disappointment.”

Especially disappointing—and puzzling—is that hurt feelings and even arguments can be sparked by the smallest, seemingly insignificant remarks. Here’s an example that comes from a student in one of my classes named Kathryn Ann Harrison.

“Are you going to quarter those tomatoes?” Kathryn heard her mother’s voice as she was preparing a salad. Kathryn stiffened, and her pulse quickened. “Well, I was,” she answered. Her mother responded, “Oh, okay,” but the tone of her voice and the look on her face prompted Kathryn to ask, “Is that wrong?”

“No, no,” her mother replied. “It’s just that personally, I would slice them.”

Kathryn’s response was terse: “Fine.” But as she cut the tomatoes—in slices—she thought, Can’t I do anything without my mother letting me know she thinks I should do it some other way?

I am willing to wager that Kathryn’s mother thought she had asked a question about cutting a tomato. What could be more trivial than that? But her daughter bristled because she heard the implication “You don’t know what you’re doing. I know better.”

When daughters react with annoyance or even anger at the smallest, seemingly innocent remarks, mothers get the feeling that talking to their daughters can be like walking on eggshells: they have to watch every word.

A mother’s questions and comments which seem to imply that a daughter should do things another way can spark disproportionate responses because they bring into focus one of the central conundrums of mother-daughter relationships: the double meaning of connection and control. Many mothers and daughters are as close as any two people can be, but closeness always carries with it the need, indeed the desire, to consider how your actions will affect the other person, and this can make you feel that you are no longer in control of your own life. Any word or action intended in the spirit of connection can be interpreted as a sign that the other person is trying to control you. This double meaning was crystallized in a comment that one woman made: “My daughter used to call me every day,” she said. “I loved it. But then she stopped. I understand. She got married, she’s busy, she felt she had to loosen the bonds. I understand, but I still miss those calls.” In the phrase “loosen the bonds” lies the double meaning of connection and control. The word “bonds” evokes the connection of “a close bond” but also the control of “bondage”: being tied up, not free.

There is yet another reason that a small comment or suggestion can grate: It can come across as a vote of no confidence. This is annoying coming from anyone, but it’s especially hurtful when it comes from the person whose opinion counts most—your mother. Unaccountable as this may seem to mothers, the smallest remark can bring into focus the biggest question that hovers over nearly all conversations between mothers and daughters: Do you see me for who I am? And is who I am okay? When mothers’ comments to daughters (or, for that matter, daughters’ comments to mothers) seem to answer that question in the affirmative, it’s deeply reassuring: all’s right with the world. But when their words seem to imply that the answer is No, there’s something wrong with what you’re doing, then daughters (and, later in life, mothers) can feel the ground on which they stand begin to tremble: They start to doubt whether how they do things, and therefore who they are, really is okay.

Loraine was spending a week visiting her mother, who lived in a senior living complex. One evening they were about to go down to dinner in the dining room. As Loraine headed for the door, her mother hesitated. Scanning her daughter from head to toe, she asked, “You’re not going to wear that, are you?”

“Why not?” Loraine asked, her blood pressure rising. “What’s wrong with it?”

“Well, people tend to dress nicely for dinner here, that’s all,” her mother explained, further offending her daughter by implying that she was not dressed nicely.

Her mother’s negative questions always rubbed Loraine the wrong way, because they so obviously weren’t questions at all. “Why do you always disapprove of my clothes?” she asked.

Now her mother got that hurt look which implied it was Loraine who was being a cad. “I don’t disapprove,” she protested. “I just thought you might want to wear something else.”

A way to understand the difference between what Loraine heard and what her mother said she meant is the distinction between message and metamessage. When she said “I don’t disapprove,” Loraine’s mother was referring to the message: the literal meaning of the words she spoke. The disapproval Loraine heard was the metamessage—that is, the implications of her mother’s words. Everything we say has meaning on these two levels. The message is the meaning that resides in the dictionary definitions of words. Everyone usually agrees on this. But people frequently differ on how to interpret the words, because interpretations depend on metamessages—the meaning gleaned from how something is said, or from the fact that it is said at all. Emotional responses are often triggered by metamessages.

When Loraine’s mother said “I don’t disapprove,” she was doing what I call “crying literal meaning”: She could take cover in the message and claim responsibility only for the literal meaning of her words. When someone cries literal meaning, it is hard to resolve disputes, because you end up talking about the meaning of the message when it was the meaning of the metamessage that got your goat. It’s not that some utterances have metamessages, or hidden meanings, while others don’t. Everything we say has metamessages indicating how our words are to be interpreted: Is this a serious statement or a joke? Does it show annoyance or goodwill? Most of the time, metamessages are communicated and interpreted without notice because, as far as anyone can tell, the speaker and the hearer agree on their meaning. It’s only when the metamessage the speaker intends—or acknowledges—doesn’t match the one the hearer perceives that we notice and pay attention to them.

In interpreting her mother’s question as a sign of disapproval, Loraine was also drawing on past conversations. She couldn’t count the times her mother had commented, on this visit and on all the previous ones, “You’re wearing that?” And therein lies another reason that anything said between mothers and daughters can either warm our hearts or raise our hackles: Their conversations have a long history, going back literally to the start of the daughter’s life. So anything either one says at a given moment takes meaning not only from the words spoken at that moment but from all the conversations they have had in the past. This works in both positive and negative ways. We come to expect certain kinds of comments from each other, and are primed to interpret what we hear in that familiar spirit.

Even a gift, a gesture whose message is clearly for connection, can carry a metamessage of criticism in the context of conversations that took place in the past. If a daughter gives her artist mother a gift certificate to an upscale clothing store, it may be resented if her daughter has told her again and again, “You’re too old to keep dressing like a hippie, Mom.” And criticism may be the impression if a mother who has made clear she can’t stand her daughter’s messy kitchen gives her as a gift an expensive organizer for kitchen utensils. The gift giver may be incensed that her generosity has been underappreciated, but the lack of gratitude has less to do with the message of the gift than with the metamessage it implies, which came from past conversations.

The long history of conversations that family members share contributes not only to how listeners interpret words but also to how speakers choose them. One woman I talked to put it this way: “Words are like touch. They can caress or they can scratch. When I talk to my children, my words often end up scratching. I don’t want to use words that way, but I can’t help it. I know their sensitivities, so I know what will have an effect on them. And if I’m feeling hurt by something they said or did, I say things that I know will scratch. It happens somewhere in a zone between instinct and intention.” This observation articulates the power of language to convey meanings that are not found in the literal definitions of words. It highlights how we use past conversations as a resource for meaning in present ones. At the same time, it describes the distinction between message and metamessage, a distinction that will be important in all the conversations examined in this book.

While talking casually to her husband, Joanna absentmindedly tugs at a hangnail until the skin tears and a tiny droplet of blood appears. Unthinking, she holds it out before her husband’s eyes. “Put on a Band-Aid,” he says flatly. Her husband’s non-reaction makes Joanna wonder why she showed him so insignificant an injury. And then she realizes: She developed the habit of displaying her wounds, no matter how small, to her mother. Had she shown the ever so slightly broken skin to her, her mother would have reached out, taken Joanna’s finger in her hand, and examined it with a soothing grimace. Joanna was looking for that glance of sympathy, that fleeting reminder that someone else shares her universe. Who but her mother would regard so small an injury as worthy of attention? No one—because her mother would be responding not to the wound but to Joanna’s gesture in showing it to her. It isn’t only, isn’t really, concern for the torn hangnail that her mother shares but a subtle language of connection: The tiny drop of blood is an excuse for Joanna to remind her mother “I’m here” and for her mother to reassure her daughter “I care.”

Many women develop the habit of telling their mothers about minor misfortunes because they treasure the metamessage of caring they know they will hear in response, though, like Joanna, they may not notice until they get a different response from someone else. This also happened to a student in one of my classes, Carrie, when she was sick with the flu and called home. Carrie usually talked to her mother when she called, but this time her mother was out of the country, so she spoke to her father instead. This is how Carrie recounted the conversation in a class assignment:

Carrie: But everyone else at school is sick too. I couldn’t get an appointment for today.

In commenting on this conversation, Carrie explained that she knows perfectly well to take medicine and go to the doctor when she’s sick. What she had been looking for when she called home was a metamessage of caring. In her words: “I am used to talking to my mother and having her fuss and worry over the smallest of my problems.” In contrast to her mother’s characteristic response, her father’s pragmatic approach came across as indifference and left her feeling dissatisfied, even slightly hurt.

NBC VIDEO

• Older daughters reach out to their moms
April 17: The "Today" show's Ann Curry talks with Iris Krasnow about her new book, "I Am My Mother's Daughter: Making Peace with Mom Before It's Too Late."

Today show

(This article was taken from the website, Pioneer Thinking. You can link there for more family relationship advice by going to http://www.pioneerthinking.com/ara-motherdaughter.html Although it addresses the mother-daughter relationship, sons may view their mothers in much the same way).

For many little girls, Mother's Day was a time to pick flowers, make a handmade card, and hand-deliver them with hugs and kisses. But as these girls mature into independent women, sweet, unconditional feelings of love can change, possibly leading to bittersweet relationships between a mother and a daughter.

Even celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston, Drew Barrymore and Meg Ryan have had well-publicized, toxic relationships with their mothers for a variety of reasons beyond their fame. And when Mother's Day arrives each year, how do estranged mothers and daughters handle that day? Is it too late for them to heal a broken relationship as adults?

"Past literature shows that the mother-daughter relationship is considered the most significant of all intergenerational relationships," says Dr. Mudita Rastogi, associate professor of psychology at Argosy University/Chicago and a licensed marriage and family therapist.

"Estrangement between a mother and a daughter is a combination of individual familial, and societal factors," says Dr. Rastogi. "And the reasons why mothers and daughters become estranged can be varied and complex."

For example, the mother's generation may have included social aspects such as: economic depression, nuclear families, early marriage, and basic education. However, as society changes and evolves, the daughter may grow up in a completely different culture - in a robust economy, varied family structures, delayed marriage, immediate focus on a career, and higher education.

According to research conducted by Dr. Rastogi, involving more than 150 women ages 25 to 35, significant variations exist between ethnic groups in their mother-daughter relationship. Euro-American women want to do fun activities with their mothers, but also want to maintain certain boundaries. Asian-Indian and African-American women generally turn to their mothers for support, wisdom, and advice. Mexican-American women want to be dutiful daughters and help their mothers.

"Even though these ethnic groups varied somewhat in terms of relationships, all of the women in the study wished for the same level of connectedness with their mothers," says Dr. Rastogi. "Almost all of the women reported that they wanted respect and trust in their relationship with their mothers."

According to Dr. Karen Eriksen, department head of counseling psychology at Argosy University/Orange County, some societal conditions lay the groundwork for the development of mother-daughter conflict. For instance, society expects women to be good mothers; if they fail, they are considered "bad women." "Mothers, rather than fathers, are held responsible for good parenting," says Dr. Eriksen. "In some instances, women haven't been well-prepared for these parenting responsibilities."

Other pressures emerge for single mothers left alone to raise their daughters. Mother-daughter relationships may suffer when the single mothers begin seriously dating and try to find a way for a new partner to enter the family system. The daugher may experience a sense of betrayal, and may worry that she is losing her mother to someone else.

"Resolution of these struggles requires the efforts of both mothers and daughters," says Dr. Eriksen. "Daughters always need their mothers to be parents. They need their mothers to take some of the steps in mending the relationship.

"Mothers, on the other hand, need great understanding and forgiveness from their daughters given the inequities in some of society's expectations."

Both mothers and daughters could use Mother's Day as an opportunity to embark on a journey toward a more fulfilling relationship, realizing that as they navigate toward this goal, they may veer off course.

As complex as mother-daughter relationships can be, working on existing problems is not out of reach. Below are more tips that mothers and daughters can use to start the healing process and improve their relationship this Mother's Day:

*For minor conflicts, daughters should try to understand the life circumstances, challenges, and choices that were made available to their mothers.

*Start mother-daughter traditions - it's never too late to begin new ones - and make a promise to keep the traditions alive every year (why not every Mother's Day). Traditions can include simple activities such as long walks, dinner at a favorite restaurant, or updating family photo albums.

*Join a women's group or look into family therapy together to help resolve serious long-standing problems.

*Realize that all relationships have downsides. mother and daughter should focus on the positive aspects of their relationship and invest time and energy in it.

*Mothers and daughters should recognize that all choices can come with negative and positive results. Regardless of social or ethnic backgrounds, pay attention to the intentions behind the choices.

For more information on Argosy University, visit Argosy University at www.argosyu.edu.

If you find it hard to communicate face to face with your mother or daughter, try using email to break down old communications barriers. "email, I've noticed, really helps mothers and daughters. Each person can edit and she doesn't have to speak off the cuff in the heat of emotion," says Dr. Tracy. "That can strengthen their capacity to hear each other enormously."

But what about the often-lamented limitations of nuance in email? We can't hear tone of voice and we can't see facial expressions, so email communication can be limited. In the case of mothers and daughters, that can be a good thing. "A mother or a daughter sees a shrug or a grimace or a hand on the hip, and it's read as though the daughter's six years old and the mother's back in that role. All communication ceases," Dr. Tracy explains. "But with email, they can learn to talk slowly and carefully, without those old assumptions."

Dr. Tracy offers the following tips for a productive email correspondence with your mother or daughter:

Edit, edit, edit! "Once you've written an email, read it and think about how your daughter or your mother will hear it," says Dr. Tracy. "Put yourself in her ear, so to speak, and delete anything that produces anger or guilt.
Don't let more than two days go by without replying to an email. "A reply can be very brief, as short as one sentence from a daughter to a mother. Mothers' replies to the daughters will probably always be a bit longer."
Moms: don't use email to tell your daughter what to do! "Do not instruct or advise in email," Dr. Tracy urges mothers. "Show interest in your daughter and what she's doing — and tell her a little bit about what you're doing."